Territories and collective action

North Africa: women farmworkers recognised at last

Just out 30 January 2026

In North Africa, increasing numbers of women are now working in agriculture, a vital phenomenon that has nevertheless largely slipped under the radar. With their insecure jobs, women are often marginalised and remain invisible. The latest special issue of "Alternatives Rurales" is devoted to them. It was coordinated by a sociologist from the University of Meknès (Morocco), a geographer from CNRS and two CIRAD researchers, and sheds light for the first time on the women who keep the North African countryside alive from day to day.

Women farmworkers at the end of the day in the Berkane region, Morocco © S. Salhi
Women farmworkers at the end of the day in the Berkane region, Morocco © S. Salhi

    The essentialsDespite their central economic role in Moroccan agriculture, women agricultural workers remain invisible and face significant structural gender-based, class-based and territory-based inequalities, as well as various types of violence (physical, psychological, verbale, sexual, etc).
Based on detailed field surveys, a special issue of the journal Alternatives Rurales analyses the precarious working conditions for women agricultural workers in North Africa, and their day-to-day forms of resistance and resilience, and gives pointers for more inclusive public policy.

In 2022, in Morocco, the agricultural sector accounted for more than 14% of GDP and almost 30% of jobs. As a result, the agricultural workforce now includes significantly more women. Those women play a central role in production systems and food value chains, including in international migration circuits, as for instance in the red berry value chains of southern Europe. More broadly, they play an active part in household budgets and in the agricultural economy.

These essential workers are responsible not just for their own survival but for that of their families, and make a substantial contribution to the rural economy. In the absence of other economic alternatives, these women have a brave, determined battle on their hands every day to cope with the hard working conditions in the fields. They are part of a permanent struggle for survival, dignity and socioeconomic independence.

Zhour Bouzidi

Tutor at Moulay Ismail University

Women farmworkers are trapped between invisibility and negligence

However, their contributions remain invisible and largely unrecognised, creating a gap between their true importance in economic systems and their social visibility. These women workers are often the victims of marginalisation, harassment, legal weakness and hidden exploitation. Their daily lives are marked by low pay, precariousness, poor social protection, risks in terms of health and accidents, and vulnerability in the event of pandemics such as Covid-19.

It is not until times of crisis (fatal accidents, Covid-19, etc) that the daily lives of women agricultural workers, on the fringes of society and policy, become more visible in the media and on social networks, and prompt a degree of indignation. However, that visibility is only sporadic and short-lived, and eventually dwindles and is forgotten.

Zhour Bouzidi

Tutor at Moulay Ismail University

There have been few studies of these women's living, working and migration conditions, despite growing interest on the part of some militants and public debates. This highlights a major issue that goes beyond the local level: that women farmworkers experience various forms of domination that exacerbate the inequalities from which they already suffer.

Women agricultural workers are a vital part of the agricultural workforce. However, very few public policies take any interest in them, and there has been little research on them until now.

Nicolas Faysse

CIRAD researcher

An issue devoted to women farmworkers in North Africa

In this special issue of the journal Alternatives Rurales published in November 2025, researchers from Morocco, France and Tunisia look into this little-explored reality. They present an overall picture of the conditions for women agricultural workers in Morocco and the Mediterranean (Spain, Tunisia and France) that shows their needs and the constraints on them. The issue shines the spotlight on their daily lives, in a situation in which overt protest is particularly difficult.

We do not have insurance! If we fall off a lorry, nobody worries about us. We are sometimes forced to work all day without food! If the boss doesn't like you, he won't even pay you for your day's work.

A woman agricultural worker from Bouderbala (Morocco)

To help my children, I have to get the "lorry of death" and go to work in the fields. (…) It is really important to take steps to improve conditions for women agricultural workers. (…) farmers should also have to sign contracts with those workers, clearly specifying wage levels clearly specified.

A woman agricultural worker from Sidi Bouzid (Tunisia)

The precariousness that applies to women farmworkers often extends to their children, particularly if those women are single parents or if their partners are irresponsible. Registering births and obtaining a livret de famille (family record book), both of which are essential in order to send children to school, are complex in those cases, and make their daily lives even harder.

This reality comes is very clear in the touching testimony of the daughter of a woman farmworker with five children in the Saïs region, Morocco, who died without having had her two youngest children legally recognised. The eldest, who is 19 years old, speaks bitterly of the authorities' reluctance to take action and considers they had turned a blind eye to their situation: "My mother had to die for her children to be recognised at last".

I don't recommend agricultural work to girls, as they will hear immoral words and be harassed, looked down on and seen as being easy. They could fall pregnant. Young girls are exposed to all sorts of aggressions.

A woman agricultural worker from Sebaa Ayoun (Morocco)

The contributions in the issue are based on field studies and give women farmworkers a space in which to express themselves. It includes scientific articles, lecture notes and testimonies from women farmworkers, grassroots players and associations. The articles look closely at:

The informality and irregularity of the work;
The low wages;
The lack of social protection;
The way in which the women are considered inferior to farmers and transporters;
The specific conditions experienced by Moroccan women farmworkers recruited to pick strawberries in Spain;
The way in which the women adapt to the various constraints they face.

The aim is to fuel the public policy debate and come up with suitable legal, social and economic instruments to improve their living and working conditions and guarantee their dignity. These studies have highlighted the importance of considering and recognising the work that women do in rural and periurban areas. They also stressed the need to rethink public policy, which pays little heed to the question of women workers. The intention is to advance towards more inclusive, appropriate systems that take account of every aspect of the conditions for women farmworkers: social, economic, legal and also health-related and organisational.

There are several suggestions for this, including:

Structuring support schemes more efficiently;
Improving social protection;
Rebalancing power relations;
Recognising women farmworkers as legitimate agricultural development players.

The message from this special issue is that it is high time that women farmworkers in Morocco and Tunisia stopped being invisible in the eyes of public policy and social debate, by involving them in the changes that could possibly be made.

Nicolas Faysse

CIRAD researcher